{"id":3137,"date":"2023-02-09T16:16:26","date_gmt":"2023-02-09T15:16:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.iuravasconiae.eus\/voz\/sarrera-383-eu\/"},"modified":"2023-02-09T16:16:26","modified_gmt":"2023-02-09T15:16:26","slug":"sarrera-383-eu","status":"publish","type":"iv_voz","link":"https:\/\/www.iuravasconiae.eus\/eu\/voz\/sarrera-383-eu\/","title":{"rendered":"SARRERA"},"content":{"rendered":"<\/p>\n
\n

Aro <\/span>garaikidea <\/span>hasi <\/span>zenean, <\/span>desegonkortasuna <\/span>zen <\/span>nagusi <\/span>penintsulako lurralde <\/span>euskaldunetako <\/span>gizarte <\/span>alor <\/span>gehienetan. <\/span>Ekonomiari <\/span>zegokionez,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>XIX<\/span>.<\/span>
\n<\/span>mendearen<\/span> <\/span>hasieran,<\/span> <\/span>okerrera<\/span> <\/span>egin<\/span> <\/span>zuen<\/span> <\/span>dagoeneko<\/span> <\/span>XVIII<\/span>.<\/span>
\n<\/span>mendearen<\/span> <\/span>er- <\/span>ditik<\/span> <\/span>krisian<\/span> <\/span>zegoen<\/span> <\/span>euskal<\/span> <\/span>nekazarien<\/span> <\/span>egoerak,<\/span> <\/span>errentamenduen<\/span> <\/span>igoeragatik, <\/span>presio <\/span>fiskalarengatik <\/span>eta <\/span>frantsesen <\/span>inbasioagatik. <\/span>Mende <\/span>berriaren <\/span>hasieran,<\/span> <\/span>frantziar<\/span> <\/span>armadaren<\/span> <\/span>okupazioa<\/span> <\/span>zela-eta,<\/span> <\/span>kontsumo-ondasunak<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>anima- <\/span>liak<\/span> <\/span>konfiskatzen<\/span> <\/span>hasi<\/span> <\/span>ziren,<\/span> <\/span>tropak<\/span> <\/span>hornitzeko.<\/span> <\/span>Horrek<\/span> <\/span>kalte<\/span> <\/span>ekonomiko<\/span> <\/span>han- <\/span>dia<\/span> <\/span>ekarri<\/span> <\/span>zuen<\/span> <\/span>okupatutako<\/span> <\/span>lurraldeetara,<\/span> <\/span>eta,<\/span> <\/span>nagusiki,<\/span> <\/span>behe-mailako<\/span> <\/span>klaseei
\n<\/span>eragin<\/span> <\/span>zien.<\/span> <\/span>Presioagatik,<\/span> <\/span>hainbat<\/span> <\/span>udal<\/span> <\/span>beharturik<\/span> <\/span>egon<\/span> <\/span>ziren<\/span> <\/span>zorpetu<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>he- <\/span>rri-ondasunak<\/span> <\/span>saltzera.<\/span> <\/span>Ildo<\/span> <\/span>horretan<\/span> <\/span>hartutako<\/span> <\/span>neurriak<\/span> <\/span>nekazarien<\/span> <\/span>kalterako
\n<\/span>izan <\/span>ziren, <\/span>beren <\/span>uzta <\/span>eta <\/span>animaliak <\/span>galtzeaz
\n<\/span>gain, <\/span>herri-ondasunak <\/span>erabili ezinik<\/span> <\/span>geratu<\/span> <\/span>baitziren<\/span> <\/span>(larreak,<\/span> <\/span>basoak,<\/span> <\/span>etab.).<\/span> <\/span>Horrek<\/span> <\/span>guztiak,<\/span> <\/span>gerrak<\/span> <\/span>sortu <\/span>ohi <\/span>dituen <\/span>ondorio <\/span>latzekin
\n<\/span>batera, <\/span>pobrezia <\/span>hedarazi
\n<\/span>zuen <\/span>foru <\/span>lurraldeko biztanle <\/span>askoren <\/span>artean <\/span>\u2014nekazariak, <\/span>artisauak, <\/span>elizjenderik <\/span>apalena\u2026\u2014. Gainera, <\/span>eskaletasunak <\/span>eta <\/span>bidelapurreriak <\/span>kezkatzeko <\/span>moduan <\/span>egin <\/span>zuten
\ngora,<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>udalek<\/span> <\/span>horien<\/span> <\/span>kontrako<\/span> <\/span>neurri<\/span> <\/span>zorrotzak<\/span> <\/span>hartu<\/span> <\/span>behar<\/span> <\/span>izan<\/span> <\/span>zituzten.
\n<\/span>Egoera <\/span>horretan <\/span>gertatu
\n<\/span>ziren <\/span>okupazio <\/span>prozesua,
\n<\/span>Independentzia <\/span>Gerra <\/span>eta Baionako Estatutua.<\/span><\/p>\n

Krisialdi <\/span>ekonomiko, <\/span>sozial <\/span>eta <\/span>politikoa <\/span>orokorra <\/span>zen <\/span>hartan,
\n<\/span>gainbehe- ran <\/span>hasi <\/span>zen, <\/span>formalki <\/span>behintzat, <\/span>Bizkaiko <\/span>foru <\/span>egituraren <\/span>biziraupena <\/span>nola edo <\/span>hala <\/span>bermatzen <\/span>zuen <\/span>guztia. <\/span>Jakina <\/span>denez, <\/span>ondoz <\/span>ondoko <\/span>erregeek
\n<\/span>Biz- kaiko Jaurerriko titulua
\neskuratzen zuten lurralde guztietako Foruak eta Jau- <\/span>rerriko<\/span> <\/span>biztanle<\/span>
\n<\/span>guztiak<\/span> <\/span>babestuko<\/span> <\/span>zituztela<\/span> <\/span>zin<\/span> <\/span>eginarazten<\/span> <\/span>zien<\/span> <\/span>esapide<\/span> <\/span>baten<\/span> <\/span>bitartez.<\/span> <\/span>Bizkaiko<\/span> <\/span>Foru<\/span> <\/span>Zaharrean<\/span> <\/span>zin<\/span> <\/span>egitearen<\/span> <\/span>xehetasun<\/span> <\/span>guztiak<\/span> <\/span>jasota <\/span>egoteak <\/span>argi <\/span>erakusten <\/span>du <\/span>bizkaitarrek <\/span>zin <\/span>horri <\/span>ematen <\/span>zioten <\/span>garrantzia. Errege-erreginek,<\/span> <\/span>jaun<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>andere<\/span> <\/span>bihurtzeko,<\/span> <\/span>bertan<\/span> <\/span>jasotako<\/span> <\/span>erritu<\/span> <\/span>sorta<\/span> <\/span>bu- <\/span>rutu beharra zuten, hurrenez hurren eta zenbait
\nlekutan. Teorikoki behintzat, <\/span>jasotako
\n<\/span>baldintza <\/span>guztiak <\/span>bete <\/span>ezean, <\/span>beren
\n<\/span>boterea <\/span>ez <\/span>zen <\/span>erabatekoa <\/span>Bizkaian;
\nhots, hasieratik jasotzen zuten botere handia murrizturik geratzen zen.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

Erregeen borondatearen efektuak arau
\nkonstituzionaletara egokitu behar <\/span>izatearekin <\/span>batera,
\n<\/span>aurreko <\/span>mendeetan <\/span>foruak
\n<\/span>mantendu <\/span>zituen <\/span>hitzarmen hori<\/span> <\/span>guztiz<\/span> <\/span>desagertu<\/span>
\n<\/span>arte<\/span> <\/span>ahuldu<\/span> <\/span>zen,<\/span> <\/span>funtsean,<\/span> <\/span>monarkiaren<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>foru<\/span> <\/span>lurral-
\n<\/span>deen<\/span> <\/span>arteko<\/span> <\/span>akordioa<\/span> <\/span>baitzen.<\/span> <\/span>Ildo<\/span> <\/span>beretik,<\/span> <\/span>gogoratu<\/span> <\/span>beharra<\/span> <\/span>dago<\/span> <\/span>Jaurerriko\u00a0<\/span><\/span>ordezkariek, ia sistematikoki, errege auzitegira jotzen jarraitu zutela
\nerregea<\/span>ren<\/span> <\/span>bitartekaritza<\/span> <\/span>eskatzeko,<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>ez<\/span> <\/span>soilik<\/span> <\/span>Foruen<\/span> <\/span>biziraupena<\/span> <\/span>arrisku<\/span> <\/span>bizian
\n<\/span>zegoen<\/span> <\/span>momentuetan.<\/span> <\/span>Agerikoa<\/span> <\/span>da,<\/span> <\/span>hortaz,<\/span> <\/span>harreman<\/span> <\/span>horrek<\/span> <\/span>ordura<\/span> <\/span>arte<\/span> <\/span>izan <\/span>zuen garrantzia.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Konstituzioen <\/span>eta <\/span>foruen <\/span>arteko
\n<\/span>tentsio <\/span>horren <\/span>baitan
\n<\/span>koka <\/span>dezakegu <\/span>liberalismoaren<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>absolutismoaren<\/span> <\/span>arteko<\/span> <\/span>gatazkaren<\/span> <\/span>lehen<\/span> <\/span>aroa:<\/span> <\/span>1808.<\/span> <\/span>eta <\/span>1834. urteen artean. Denbora tarte horretan,
\nkonstituzioari eta instituzioei ze- <\/span>gokienez, <\/span>liberalismoaren <\/span>helbururik <\/span>behinena
\n<\/span>bere <\/span>egonkortasuna <\/span>berma- tzea<\/span> <\/span>izan<\/span> <\/span>zen,<\/span> <\/span>absolutismoak,<\/span> <\/span>hilzorian<\/span> <\/span>egon<\/span> <\/span>arren,<\/span> <\/span>bere<\/span> <\/span>burua<\/span> <\/span>ahal<\/span> <\/span>izan<\/span> <\/span>zuen <\/span>bezala<\/span> <\/span>defendatu<\/span>
\n<\/span>baitzuen.<\/span> <\/span>Estatuan<\/span> <\/span>nagusi<\/span> <\/span>zen<\/span> <\/span>tentsio<\/span> <\/span>egoerak<\/span> <\/span>lagundurik,
\nforuzaleek<\/span> <\/span>Foruak<\/span> <\/span>mantentzeko<\/span> <\/span>bidea<\/span> <\/span>ireki<\/span> <\/span>zuten<\/span> <\/span>Estatuaren<\/span> <\/span>errealitate<\/span> <\/span>politikoari<\/span> <\/span>erreparatu<\/span>
\n<\/span>gabe;<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>bide<\/span> <\/span>hori<\/span> <\/span>ez<\/span> <\/span>zen<\/span> <\/span>beti<\/span> <\/span>baketsua<\/span> <\/span>izan.<\/span> <\/span>Baionako<\/span> <\/span>bi- <\/span>leraz den bezainbatean, aurretiaz zalaparta sortu
\nzen, Jaurerria ordezkatuko <\/span>zuen<\/span> <\/span>norbait<\/span> <\/span>bidaltzea<\/span> <\/span>komeni<\/span> <\/span>zenetz<\/span> <\/span>adosterakoan.<\/span> <\/span>Azkenean,<\/span> <\/span>esanbidezko
\n<\/span>baimendun<\/span> <\/span>ordezkari<\/span> <\/span>bat<\/span> <\/span>bidaltzea<\/span> <\/span>erabaki<\/span> <\/span>zuten,<\/span> <\/span>eztabaida<\/span> <\/span>orokorrean<\/span> <\/span>parte <\/span>har
\nzezan, eta, batez ere, Bizkaiko Foruak mantentzearekin zerikusia zu- ten<\/span> <\/span>horietan<\/span>
\n<\/span>aritzeko.<\/span> <\/span>Juan<\/span> <\/span>Jose<\/span> <\/span>Maria<\/span> <\/span>de<\/span> <\/span>Yandiola<\/span> <\/span>hautatu<\/span> <\/span>zuten<\/span> <\/span>lan<\/span> <\/span>horre- <\/span>tarako. <\/span>Batzarrak
\n<\/span>hasi <\/span>ziren <\/span>egunean
\n<\/span>bertan, <\/span>Yandiolak <\/span>gutuna <\/span>bidali <\/span>zuen Bizkaiko<\/span> <\/span>Diputaziora,<\/span> <\/span>estatutuen<\/span> <\/span>testu<\/span> <\/span>berriak<\/span> <\/span>Foruak<\/span> <\/span>bertan<\/span> <\/span>behera<\/span> <\/span>utziko
\nzituelako<\/span> <\/span>kezka<\/span> <\/span>azalduz.<\/span>
\n<\/span>1808ko<\/span> <\/span>ekainaren<\/span> <\/span>27an<\/span> <\/span>eman<\/span> <\/span>zuen<\/span> <\/span>hitzaldiak<\/span> <\/span>age- <\/span>rian <\/span>utzi <\/span>zuen <\/span>ezinegon
\n<\/span>hori, <\/span>eta <\/span>modu <\/span>formal, <\/span>arrazoitu
\n<\/span>eta <\/span>argian <\/span>eskatu zuen<\/span> <\/span>Jaurerriaren<\/span> <\/span>foru<\/span> <\/span>sistema<\/span> <\/span>mantentzeko,<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>argi<\/span> <\/span>adierazi<\/span> <\/span>zuen<\/span> <\/span>bertaratu
\neta<\/span> <\/span>bere<\/span> <\/span>parte-hartu<\/span> <\/span>izana<\/span> <\/span>ez<\/span> <\/span>zirela<\/span> <\/span>testua<\/span> <\/span>babesten<\/span> <\/span>zuelako<\/span> <\/span>seinaletzat<\/span> <\/span>hartu
\nbehar. Gainerako foru lurraldeetako ordezkariek ere adierazpen horrekin bat <\/span>egin<\/span> <\/span>zuten.<\/span> <\/span>Guztiarekin<\/span> <\/span>ere,<\/span> <\/span>Baionako<\/span> <\/span>Estatutua,<\/span> <\/span>144.<\/span> <\/span>artikulua<\/span> <\/span>gehiturik,<\/span> <\/span>aho <\/span>batez<\/span> <\/span>onartu<\/span> <\/span>zuten<\/span> <\/span>diputatu<\/span>
\n<\/span>guztiek,<\/span> <\/span>baita<\/span> <\/span>foru<\/span> <\/span>lurraldeetakoek<\/span> <\/span>ere.<\/span> <\/span>Dirudie<\/span>nez, <\/span>azken <\/span>horiek
\n<\/span>ulertu <\/span>zuten, <\/span>benetan,
\n<\/span>erronka <\/span>nagusia <\/span>testua
\n<\/span>bera <\/span>inda- rrean <\/span>jartzea
\n<\/span>zela. <\/span>Horretarako, <\/span>mendeetan <\/span>zehar <\/span>foru <\/span>lurraldeek <\/span>izandako itunen<\/span> <\/span>aldeko<\/span> <\/span>jarreraren<\/span> <\/span>balioa<\/span> <\/span>nabarmendu<\/span> <\/span>behar<\/span> <\/span>zuten.<\/span> <\/span>Espero<\/span> <\/span>zutenaren
\n<\/span>kontra,<\/span> <\/span>testua<\/span> <\/span>onartu<\/span> <\/span>ondoko<\/span> <\/span>esperientzia<\/span> <\/span>politikoa<\/span> <\/span>biziki<\/span> <\/span>kaltegarria<\/span> <\/span>izan<\/span> <\/span>zen <\/span>Bizkaiko<\/span>
\n<\/span>foru<\/span> <\/span>erakundeentzat:<\/span> <\/span>erakundeen<\/span> <\/span>boterea<\/span> <\/span>edukiz<\/span> <\/span>hustu<\/span> <\/span>zuten,<\/span> <\/span>foru
\negitura<\/span> <\/span>desegin<\/span> <\/span>eta,<\/span> <\/span>horiekin<\/span>
\n<\/span>batera,<\/span> <\/span>Estatutua<\/span> <\/span>onartzean<\/span> <\/span>foru<\/span> <\/span>agintariengan
\n<\/span>sorturiko <\/span>itxaropena <\/span>zapuztu
\n<\/span>zen. <\/span>Hein <\/span>batean,
\n<\/span>foraltasunaren <\/span>gainbehera ekidin<\/span> <\/span>zuten<\/span> <\/span>1808ko<\/span> <\/span>testuan<\/span> <\/span>jasotako<\/span>
\n<\/span>legediak<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>testuinguru<\/span> <\/span>berezi<\/span> <\/span>hartan
\nizan<\/span> <\/span>zuen<\/span> <\/span>eraginkortasunak,<\/span> <\/span>indarrean<\/span> <\/span>denbora<\/span> <\/span>gutxi<\/span> <\/span>egon<\/span> <\/span>bazen<\/span> <\/span>ere.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

1812ko<\/span> <\/span>Konstituzioari<\/span> <\/span>dagokionez,<\/span> <\/span>lurraldearen<\/span> <\/span>zatirik<\/span> <\/span>handiena<\/span> <\/span>okupa<\/span>turik <\/span>egoteak
\n<\/span>eta <\/span>Independentzia <\/span>Gerrak <\/span>ezohiko <\/span>egoera <\/span>sortu <\/span>zuten. <\/span>Gauzak <\/span>horrela, <\/span>frantsesek <\/span>okupatutako <\/span>probintzien <\/span>Gorteetako <\/span>ordezkaritzak,
\njatorriz <\/span>bertakoak <\/span>izanik,
\n<\/span>eremu <\/span>librean <\/span>bizi <\/span>ziren <\/span>pertsonen
\n<\/span>esku <\/span>geratu <\/span>ziren<\/span> <\/span>(zenbaitetan<\/span> <\/span>horrek<\/span> <\/span>arazoak<\/span> <\/span>ekarri<\/span> <\/span>bazituen<\/span> <\/span>ere;<\/span> <\/span>esaterako,<\/span> <\/span>ordezkari<\/span> <\/span>ara<\/span>barraren <\/span>kasuan).
\n<\/span>Bizkaiko <\/span>Jaurerriko <\/span>ordezkaria <\/span>Francisco <\/span>Ramon <\/span>Eguia Letona <\/span>izan <\/span>zen <\/span>(Errege
\n<\/span>Estimuaren <\/span>Kondea), <\/span>eta <\/span>kargua <\/span>ordezko
\n<\/span>gisa <\/span>bete zuen.<\/span> <\/span>1812ko<\/span> <\/span>urriaren<\/span>
\n<\/span>18an,<\/span> <\/span>Jaurerriko<\/span> <\/span>Batzar<\/span> <\/span>Nagusiak<\/span> <\/span>bildu<\/span> <\/span>ziren<\/span> <\/span>Cadizko
\n<\/span>testuaren<\/span> <\/span>zina<\/span> <\/span>egiteko,<\/span> <\/span>ordezkari<\/span> <\/span>askoren<\/span> <\/span>mesfidantza<\/span> <\/span>gorabehera.<\/span> <\/span>Mesfida-
\n<\/span>tiek bi sistemak uztartzen saiatzeko
\naukera pragmatikoagoaren alde egin zu<\/span>ten<\/span> <\/span>azkenean,<\/span> <\/span>euren<\/span> <\/span>ustez,<\/span> <\/span>bien<\/span> <\/span>funtsezko<\/span> <\/span>oinarriak<\/span> <\/span>argi<\/span> <\/span>hauteman<\/span> <\/span>zitezkeela<\/span><\/span>koan,<\/span> <\/span>baina<\/span> <\/span>zinaren<\/span> <\/span>aurka<\/span> <\/span>eraikinaren<\/span> <\/span>kanpoaldean<\/span> <\/span>bildutako<\/span> <\/span>herritarrek<\/span> <\/span>ez zuten<\/span> <\/span>horrela<\/span> <\/span>ikusten.<\/span> <\/span>Guztiarekin<\/span> <\/span>ere,<\/span> <\/span>Cadizko<\/span> <\/span>sistemaren<\/span> <\/span>eraginkortasuna <\/span>guztiz <\/span>mugatua
\n<\/span>izan <\/span>zen <\/span>Bizkaian,
\n<\/span>konstituzio-aldiaren <\/span>laburra <\/span>eta <\/span>lege <\/span>be- rriak<\/span> <\/span>betetzeko<\/span> <\/span>foru<\/span> <\/span>erakundeen<\/span> <\/span>ordezkariek<\/span> <\/span>agertutako<\/span> <\/span>borondate<\/span> <\/span>urria<\/span> <\/span>zire<\/span>la-eta.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Oso bestelako egoera ekarri
\nzuen 1834ko Errege Estatutuak, Diputazioa<\/span>ren <\/span>eta <\/span>Korrejidorearen <\/span>artean
\n<\/span>eztabaida <\/span>larria <\/span>izan <\/span>baitzen <\/span>zin <\/span>egitean <\/span>eta Jaurerriaren
\nluze-zabalean aldarrikatzean. Diputazioaren ustez, Batzar Nagu<\/span>siak<\/span> <\/span>deitu<\/span> <\/span>beharra<\/span>
\n<\/span>zegoen<\/span> <\/span>testua<\/span> <\/span>aztertzeko<\/span> <\/span>eta,<\/span> <\/span>ados<\/span> <\/span>egotekotan,<\/span> <\/span>zin<\/span> <\/span>egin<\/span> <\/span>eta
\naldarrikatzeko. Gatazka Karlista puri-purian zegoenez, Korrejidoreak, erabakia<\/span> <\/span>atzeratzeko<\/span> <\/span>amarrua<\/span> <\/span>zelakoan,<\/span>
\n<\/span>deia<\/span> <\/span>debekatzeaz<\/span> <\/span>gain,<\/span> <\/span>aldarrikatzeari<\/span> <\/span>ekin <\/span>zion<\/span> <\/span>Diputazioa<\/span>
\n<\/span>aintzat<\/span> <\/span>hartu<\/span> <\/span>gabe.<\/span> <\/span>Egia<\/span> <\/span>da<\/span> <\/span>Errege<\/span> <\/span>Estatutuaren<\/span> <\/span>eragina<\/span> <\/span>oso <\/span>mugatua<\/span> <\/span>izan<\/span> <\/span>zela<\/span> <\/span>Bizkaian;<\/span>
\n<\/span>baina,<\/span> <\/span>nolanahi<\/span> <\/span>ere<\/span> <\/span>den,<\/span> <\/span>argi<\/span> <\/span>dago,<\/span> <\/span>denbora<\/span> <\/span>tarte <\/span>horretan,<\/span>
\n<\/span>Jaurerriak<\/span> <\/span>bere<\/span> <\/span>sistema<\/span> <\/span>judiziala<\/span> <\/span>galdu<\/span> <\/span>zuela<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>orokorraren<\/span> <\/span>menpe <\/span>geratu<\/span> <\/span>zela,<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>Diputazioak<\/span> <\/span>ez<\/span> <\/span>zuela<\/span> <\/span>aurkaritza<\/span> <\/span>nabarmenik<\/span> <\/span>egin.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

1836tik aurrera, Foruak mantentzeari begira, Jaurerriko
\nforu erakundeetan<\/span> <\/span>zenbait<\/span> <\/span>estrategia<\/span> <\/span>lantzen<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>garatzen<\/span> <\/span>hasi<\/span> <\/span>ziren,<\/span> <\/span>gerrak<\/span> <\/span>eragindako
\negoera<\/span> <\/span>zailari<\/span>
\n<\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>bertan<\/span> <\/span>behera<\/span> <\/span>utz<\/span> <\/span>zitzakeen<\/span> <\/span>balizko<\/span> <\/span>garaipen<\/span> <\/span>liberalari<\/span> <\/span>au- <\/span>rre <\/span>egiteko.
\n<\/span>1836ko <\/span>abuztuan <\/span>Cadizko
\n<\/span>Konstituzioa <\/span>indarrean <\/span>jarri
\n<\/span>zen <\/span>berriro.<\/span> <\/span>Hasieratik<\/span>
\n<\/span>bertatik,<\/span> <\/span>Bizkaiko<\/span> <\/span>Foru<\/span> <\/span>Aldundiak<\/span> <\/span>zin<\/span> <\/span>egiteari<\/span> <\/span>uko<\/span> <\/span>egin<\/span> <\/span>zion, <\/span>uste baitzuten, babesa eman arren, men egiteak
\nforuak indargabetuko zituela. <\/span>1836ko<\/span> <\/span>irailaren<\/span> <\/span>4an<\/span> <\/span>Cadizko<\/span> <\/span>Konstituzioaren<\/span> <\/span>zin<\/span> <\/span>egite<\/span> <\/span>ekitaldia<\/span> <\/span>egin<\/span> <\/span>zen<\/span> <\/span>Bil<\/span>bon.<\/span> <\/span>Bertako<\/span>
\n<\/span>udalbatzak<\/span> <\/span>parte<\/span> <\/span>hartu<\/span> <\/span>zuen;<\/span> <\/span>ez,<\/span> <\/span>ordea,<\/span> <\/span>Foru<\/span> <\/span>Aldundiak.<\/span> <\/span>Hura
\nordezkatzeko,<\/span> <\/span>bitarteko<\/span>
\n<\/span>probintzia-Diputazio<\/span> <\/span>bat<\/span> <\/span>izendatu<\/span> <\/span>zuten,<\/span> <\/span>eta,<\/span> <\/span>gober-
\n<\/span>nuaren <\/span>aginduz <\/span>izan <\/span>bazen <\/span>ere, <\/span>jarrera <\/span>foruzale
\n<\/span>argia <\/span>izan <\/span>zuen. <\/span>Azkenean,
\ngobernu<\/span> <\/span>zentralak<\/span> <\/span>Bizkaiko<\/span> <\/span>Foru<\/span> <\/span>Aldundia<\/span> <\/span>berrezarri<\/span> <\/span>zuen<\/span> <\/span>1837ko<\/span> <\/span>urtarrilaren<\/span> <\/span>3an,<\/span> <\/span>nahiko<\/span> <\/span>agerikoak<\/span>
\n<\/span>ziren<\/span> <\/span>bi<\/span> <\/span>helbururekin:<\/span> <\/span>gerra<\/span> <\/span>betean<\/span> <\/span>giroa<\/span> <\/span>baretzen
\n<\/span>laguntzea<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>zentzu<\/span> <\/span>horretan<\/span> <\/span>bideraturiko<\/span> <\/span>propaganda<\/span> <\/span>karlista<\/span> <\/span>saihestea.<\/span> <\/span>Al<\/span>dundia, <\/span>indartsuago <\/span>agertzeko, <\/span>bere <\/span>posizioa
\n<\/span>egonkortzen <\/span>saiatu <\/span>zen, <\/span>geroz
\neta<\/span>
\n<\/span>egiantzekoa<\/span> <\/span>baitzirudien<\/span> <\/span>Foruen<\/span> <\/span>gainean<\/span> <\/span>negoziatu<\/span> <\/span>beharko<\/span> <\/span>zutela.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

Hurrengo garaia 1837ko
\nKonstituzioaren eta 1868ko Iraultza Loriatsuaren <\/span>artekoa <\/span>da. <\/span>Garai <\/span>honetan,
\n<\/span>sistema <\/span>liberalaren <\/span>ezarketa
\n<\/span>prozesuan <\/span>ezegonkortasuna<\/span>
\n<\/span>antzeman<\/span> <\/span>daiteke.<\/span> <\/span>Absolutismora<\/span> <\/span>itzultzea<\/span> <\/span>bilatzen<\/span> <\/span>zuen<\/span> <\/span>plantea-
\nmendu<\/span> <\/span>politikoa<\/span> <\/span>ez<\/span> <\/span>zen<\/span> <\/span>bideragarria;<\/span> <\/span>are<\/span> <\/span>gutxiago<\/span> <\/span>lehendabiziko<\/span> <\/span>Karlistaldia
\n<\/span>bukatu <\/span>ondoan. <\/span>Hala <\/span>ere, <\/span>sistema
\n<\/span>liberalak <\/span>ez <\/span>zuen <\/span>lortu <\/span>gobernu
\n<\/span>konstituzionalak <\/span>mantentzeko <\/span>adinako
\n<\/span>sendotasunik. <\/span>Izan <\/span>ere, <\/span>gobernu <\/span>horiek,
\n<\/span>be- ren <\/span>posizioa <\/span>mantentzeko, <\/span>babes <\/span>politikoaren <\/span>beharra
\n<\/span>izan <\/span>zuten <\/span>etengabe. Testuinguru<\/span> <\/span>hori<\/span> <\/span>izan<\/span> <\/span>zen<\/span> <\/span>liberal<\/span> <\/span>foruzaleen<\/span>
\n<\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>gobernu<\/span> <\/span>konstituzionalen<\/span> <\/span>arteko<\/span> <\/span>adostasunaren<\/span> <\/span>gakoa.<\/span> <\/span>Kontzientzia<\/span> <\/span>liberalak<\/span> <\/span>mindu<\/span> <\/span>zituzten<\/span> <\/span>elementuak
\n<\/span>kendu zizkieten Foruei (aduanak, foru
\nbaimenak, etab.), eta, horri esker, erra<\/span>zagoa<\/span> <\/span>zen<\/span> <\/span>akordioa<\/span>
\n<\/span>lortzea<\/span> <\/span>Estatu<\/span> <\/span>gobernuko<\/span> <\/span>kideen<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>foru<\/span> <\/span>erakundeen<\/span> <\/span>bo<\/span>terea<\/span> <\/span>eskuratu<\/span>
\n<\/span>zuten<\/span> <\/span>liberal<\/span> <\/span>foruzaleen<\/span> <\/span>artean.<\/span> <\/span>Adostasunean<\/span> <\/span>oinarrituriko<\/span> <\/span>ha<\/span>rreman<\/span> <\/span>horiek<\/span> <\/span>ez<\/span> <\/span>ziren,<\/span> <\/span>ordea,<\/span> <\/span>tentsio,<\/span>
\n<\/span>liskar<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>istilurik<\/span> <\/span>gabekoak<\/span> <\/span>izan.<\/span> <\/span>Hala <\/span>eta <\/span>guztiz
\n<\/span>ere, <\/span>arazo <\/span>horiek
\n<\/span>guztiak <\/span>konpontzea, <\/span>edo, <\/span>behintzat, <\/span>gainditzea lortu <\/span>zuten, <\/span>bi <\/span>alderdien
\n<\/span>negoziatzeko <\/span>borondate <\/span>irmoari
\n<\/span>esker. <\/span>Horri <\/span>dago<\/span><\/span>kionez,<\/span> <\/span>ezin<\/span> <\/span>alde<\/span> <\/span>batera<\/span> <\/span>utzi<\/span> <\/span>oligarkia<\/span> <\/span>bizkaitarraren<\/span> <\/span>baitan<\/span> <\/span>emandako<\/span> <\/span>alda- <\/span>keta sakona:
\nmugatuago izan arren, Foruen biziraupena bermatzeko, foru an- <\/span>putazioa <\/span>ezinbestean <\/span>onartu <\/span>zuten.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

1837ko<\/span> <\/span>Konstituzioa<\/span> <\/span>jaio<\/span> <\/span>zenean,<\/span> <\/span>berriro<\/span> <\/span>ere,<\/span> <\/span>zuhurra<\/span> <\/span>izan<\/span> <\/span>zen<\/span> <\/span>Gorteetako <\/span>foru <\/span>ordezkarien <\/span>jarrera. <\/span>Adierazpen <\/span>aipagarri <\/span>bakarra <\/span>Martin <\/span>Maria
\n<\/span>de <\/span>los Heros,<\/span> <\/span>Bizkaiko<\/span>
\n<\/span>diputatuak<\/span> <\/span>egin<\/span> <\/span>zuena<\/span> <\/span>izan<\/span> <\/span>zen<\/span> <\/span>\u2014Juan<\/span> <\/span>Ramon<\/span> <\/span>Arana<\/span> <\/span>Landa- <\/span>zuri<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>Pedro<\/span> <\/span>Lemonauria<\/span>
\n<\/span>Puch<\/span> <\/span>ordezkoaren<\/span> <\/span>babesarekin\u2014:<\/span> <\/span>probintzietako
\ndiputazioen kideen hautaketarako aurreikuspen konstituzionalaren kontra <\/span>agertu<\/span> <\/span>zen,<\/span> <\/span>Bizkai<\/span> <\/span>guztian<\/span>
\n<\/span>antzeko<\/span> <\/span>erabakitze<\/span> <\/span>ahalmena<\/span> <\/span>ezartzen<\/span> <\/span>zuelako,<\/span> <\/span>eta
\nhorrek<\/span> <\/span>kaltea<\/span> <\/span>eragin<\/span> <\/span>zezakeelako,<\/span> <\/span>Bilbok<\/span> <\/span>gainerako<\/span> <\/span>lurraldearekiko<\/span> <\/span>nagusita<\/span>sun<\/span> <\/span>ekonomiko<\/span> <\/span>argia<\/span> <\/span>baitzuen.<\/span> <\/span>Objekzioa<\/span> <\/span>ez<\/span> <\/span>zen<\/span> <\/span>onartu.<\/span> <\/span>Baliteke,<\/span> <\/span>foraltasu-
\nnaren<\/span> <\/span>defentsa<\/span> <\/span>eraginkorra<\/span> <\/span>egiterako<\/span> <\/span>orduan,<\/span> <\/span>foru<\/span> <\/span>lurraldeetako<\/span> <\/span>ordezkariek
\n<\/span>bizi <\/span>zuten <\/span>egoera <\/span>deserosoak <\/span>beren <\/span>gogoan <\/span>eragin <\/span>izana: <\/span>elementu
\n<\/span>liberalak izan<\/span> <\/span>arren,<\/span> <\/span>gerraren<\/span> <\/span>une<\/span> <\/span>horretan,<\/span> <\/span>foruak<\/span> <\/span>erreibindikatzea<\/span> <\/span>Gobernu<\/span> <\/span>liberalari
\n<\/span>hainbeste<\/span> <\/span>buruhauste<\/span> <\/span>ekarri<\/span> <\/span>zizkion<\/span> <\/span>kausa<\/span> <\/span>karlistarekin<\/span> <\/span>lotzen<\/span> <\/span>zen,<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>horrek <\/span>izen<\/span> <\/span>ona<\/span> <\/span>galtzea<\/span> <\/span>zekarren.<\/span>
\n<\/span>Konstituzioa<\/span> <\/span>aldarrikatu<\/span> <\/span>ondoan,<\/span> <\/span>Bizkaiko<\/span> <\/span>Aldundiak<\/span> <\/span>zin<\/span> <\/span>egiteari<\/span>
\n<\/span>uko<\/span> <\/span>egin<\/span> <\/span>zion,<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>horrek<\/span> <\/span>foruak<\/span> <\/span>indargabetu<\/span> <\/span>zituen<\/span> <\/span>berehalakoan,<\/span> <\/span>irailaren<\/span>
\n<\/span>16an.<\/span> <\/span>aurreikusitako<\/span> <\/span>Gobernu<\/span> <\/span>zentralak<\/span> <\/span>eragin<\/span> <\/span>zentraliza<\/span>tzaile eta bateratzaileak egokitu
\nbehar izan zituen, hurrengo hauteskundeetan <\/span>izan zen foruzaletasunaren igoeragatik \u2014aipagarrienetakoa hautagai
\nforuza- <\/span>leen<\/span> <\/span>garaipena<\/span> <\/span>Bilboko<\/span> <\/span>udalerrian\u2014<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>maila<\/span> <\/span>politikoan<\/span> <\/span>zuen<\/span> <\/span>sosegu<\/span> <\/span>beharragatik.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

Lehen <\/span>Karlistaldia <\/span>bukaturik, <\/span>Estatuari <\/span>egitura
\n<\/span>foralaren <\/span>gaineko <\/span>kontrola<\/span> <\/span>eskuratzea<\/span> <\/span>ahalbidetuko<\/span> <\/span>zion<\/span> <\/span>lege-trena<\/span> <\/span>onartzeari<\/span> <\/span>ekin<\/span> <\/span>zitzaion.<\/span> <\/span>1839ko
\nurriaren 25eko legeak Gobernu zentralaren arau-tresna ekarri zuen, eta bertan<\/span> <\/span>jaso<\/span> <\/span>zen<\/span> <\/span>Gobernu<\/span> <\/span>zentralak<\/span> <\/span>zuen<\/span> <\/span>Foruak<\/span> <\/span>mantentzeko<\/span> <\/span>borondatea,<\/span> <\/span>muga <\/span>gehiagorekin
\nbazen ere. Arau horren sorrera bultzatu zuen gizarte egoera begi<\/span> <\/span>bistakoa<\/span>
\n<\/span>zen:<\/span> <\/span>gerraren<\/span> <\/span>nekeak<\/span> <\/span>ahituta<\/span> <\/span>zegoen<\/span> <\/span>gizarteak<\/span> <\/span>bakea<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>oreka <\/span>behar <\/span>zituen <\/span>berehala. <\/span>Ez <\/span>da <\/span>ezinezkoa, <\/span>ordea, <\/span>foruak <\/span>indargabetzearen <\/span>aldeko<\/span> <\/span>lekukotasunak<\/span> <\/span>aurkitzea,<\/span> <\/span>momentu<\/span> <\/span>hartan,<\/span> <\/span>ideia<\/span> <\/span>hori<\/span> <\/span>gizarte<\/span> <\/span>maila<\/span> <\/span>guztietan<\/span> <\/span>hedatzen<\/span> <\/span>saiatu<\/span> <\/span>zenik<\/span> <\/span>ere<\/span> <\/span>bazegoelako.<\/span> <\/span>Nolanahi<\/span> <\/span>ere<\/span> <\/span>den,<\/span> <\/span>Gobernuak<\/span> <\/span>ez <\/span>zuen<\/span> <\/span>bere<\/span> <\/span>burua<\/span> <\/span>hain<\/span> <\/span>erabaki<\/span>
\n<\/span>garrantzitsua<\/span> <\/span>hartzera<\/span> <\/span>beharturik<\/span> <\/span>ikusi<\/span> <\/span>edo<\/span> <\/span>bere <\/span>egoera <\/span>politikoa
\n<\/span>ez <\/span>zen <\/span>Foruak <\/span>erabat <\/span>indargabetzeko <\/span>bezain <\/span>ona. <\/span>Bestalde, legearen<\/span> <\/span>edukiak<\/span>
\n<\/span>interpretazio<\/span> <\/span>nasai<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>zabalak<\/span> <\/span>onartzen<\/span> <\/span>zituen,<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>horrek
\nforu<\/span> <\/span>sistemen<\/span> <\/span>babesa<\/span> <\/span>bermatu<\/span> <\/span>zuen<\/span> <\/span>hurrengo<\/span>
\n<\/span>berrogei<\/span> <\/span>urteetan.<\/span> <\/span>Xehetasun
\nhorrek<\/span> <\/span>berebiziko<\/span> <\/span>garrantzia<\/span>
\n<\/span>izan<\/span> <\/span>zuen,<\/span> <\/span>Gorteetako<\/span> <\/span>foru<\/span> <\/span>ordezkariek,<\/span> <\/span>eta,<\/span> <\/span>be<\/span>reziki,<\/span>
\n<\/span>Bizkaiko<\/span> <\/span>diputatu<\/span> <\/span>Pedro<\/span> <\/span>Janek<\/span> <\/span>(ordezkaria),<\/span> <\/span>Manuel<\/span> <\/span>Maria<\/span> <\/span>Murga<\/span> <\/span>Zal- <\/span>duak <\/span>eta <\/span>Pedro <\/span>Pascual
\n<\/span>Uhagon <\/span>Oleak, <\/span>testua
\n<\/span>mesfidantzaz <\/span>eta <\/span>are <\/span>etsaitasunez<\/span> <\/span>hartu<\/span> <\/span>zutelako.<\/span> <\/span>Egia<\/span> <\/span>esan,<\/span> <\/span>urteek<\/span> <\/span>aurrera<\/span> <\/span>egin<\/span> <\/span>ahala,<\/span> <\/span>arau<\/span> <\/span>horrek<\/span> <\/span>lege <\/span>euskarri<\/span>
\n<\/span>baliagarri<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>sendoa<\/span> <\/span>eskaini<\/span> <\/span>zien<\/span> <\/span>bestela<\/span> <\/span>ere<\/span> <\/span>nahiko<\/span> <\/span>mugaturik<\/span> <\/span>zeu-
\nden<\/span> <\/span>Foruei.<\/span> <\/span>Horrek<\/span> <\/span>bide<\/span> <\/span>eman<\/span> <\/span>zuen,<\/span> <\/span>arazo<\/span> <\/span>kontzeptual<\/span> <\/span>handirik<\/span> <\/span>gabe,<\/span> <\/span>Koroarekiko<\/span> <\/span>itun<\/span> <\/span>historikoa<\/span>
\n<\/span>alde<\/span> <\/span>batera<\/span> <\/span>utzi,<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>errealitate<\/span> <\/span>konstituzional<\/span> <\/span>berriare<\/span>kin <\/span>bat <\/span>zetorren
\n<\/span>helduleku <\/span>legal <\/span>bat <\/span>ezartzeko. <\/span>Abantaila <\/span>begi <\/span>bistakoa <\/span>zen: Gorteek<\/span> <\/span>tresna<\/span> <\/span>juridiko<\/span> <\/span>egokiaren<\/span> <\/span>bitartez<\/span> <\/span>onartzen<\/span> <\/span>zutena<\/span> <\/span>ezin<\/span> <\/span>zen<\/span> <\/span>inolaz<\/span> <\/span>ere <\/span>indarrean<\/span>
\n<\/span>zegoen<\/span> <\/span>Konstituzioaren<\/span> <\/span>kontrakoa<\/span> <\/span>izan,<\/span> <\/span>eta,<\/span> <\/span>hortaz,<\/span> <\/span>foraltasun<\/span> <\/span>berriak<\/span> <\/span>konstituzioan<\/span> <\/span>jasotako<\/span>
\n<\/span>legediarekin<\/span> <\/span>bat<\/span> <\/span>egin<\/span> <\/span>behar<\/span> <\/span>zuen.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Nola<\/span> <\/span>edo<\/span> <\/span>hala,<\/span> <\/span>behin<\/span> <\/span>oztopo<\/span> <\/span>konstituzional<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>legalak<\/span> <\/span>gainditurik,<\/span> <\/span>Biz<\/span>kaiko<\/span> <\/span>foruen<\/span> <\/span>kontrako<\/span> <\/span>erasorik<\/span> <\/span>bortitzenak<\/span> <\/span>\u2014eta<\/span> <\/span>baita<\/span> <\/span>gainerako<\/span> <\/span>foru<\/span> <\/span>lurral-
\ndeen<\/span> <\/span>kontrakoa<\/span> <\/span>ere\u2014<\/span> <\/span>honakoak<\/span>
\n<\/span>izan<\/span> <\/span>ziren:<\/span> <\/span>foru<\/span> <\/span>baimena<\/span> <\/span>bertan<\/span> <\/span>behera<\/span> <\/span>utzi <\/span>zuen<\/span> <\/span>1841eko<\/span>
\n<\/span>urtarrilaren<\/span> <\/span>5ekoa<\/span> <\/span>\u2014horren<\/span>
\n<\/span>aurrean<\/span> <\/span>Jaurerriko<\/span> <\/span>Diputazioak <\/span>foru<\/span> <\/span>baimena<\/span>
\n<\/span>erabili<\/span> <\/span>zuen\u2014<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>1841eko<\/span> <\/span>urriaren<\/span> <\/span>29koa<\/span> <\/span>(Gasteizko<\/span> <\/span>Dekretua).
\n<\/span>Esan<\/span> <\/span>liteke<\/span> <\/span>azken<\/span> <\/span>horrek<\/span> <\/span>\u00abkimatu\u00bb<\/span> <\/span>zuela<\/span> <\/span>Foraltasuna:<\/span> <\/span>foru<\/span> <\/span>aldundiak<\/span> <\/span>kendu <\/span>zituen,<\/span> <\/span>udal<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>epaitegi<\/span>
\n<\/span>konstituzionalak<\/span> <\/span>ezarri,<\/span> <\/span>foru<\/span> <\/span>baimena<\/span> <\/span>behin<\/span> <\/span>betiko
\n<\/span>indargabetu zuen eta aduanak kostaldera
\neraman zituen \u20141843ra arte atze- <\/span>ratu
\nzen\u2014. Edonola ere, bizirik zeuden berezitasun foralak mantentzen saiatu <\/span>ziren<\/span> <\/span>Foru<\/span> <\/span>Aldundiak<\/span> <\/span>ordezkatzeko<\/span> <\/span>sortu<\/span> <\/span>ziren<\/span> <\/span>probintzia-diputazioak,<\/span> <\/span>eu<\/span>ren
\nustez, benetako batasun konstituzionala oztopatzen zuten alderdiak eza- batu<\/span> <\/span>zirelako,<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>gainerakoak<\/span> <\/span>mantendu<\/span> <\/span>beharra<\/span> <\/span>zegoelako,<\/span> <\/span>1839ko<\/span> <\/span>urriaren
\n<\/span>25eko<\/span> <\/span>legeak<\/span> <\/span>agintzen<\/span> <\/span>zuen<\/span> <\/span>bezala.<\/span> <\/span>Foru<\/span> <\/span>lurraldeen<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>Gobernu<\/span> <\/span>zentralaren
\n<\/span>arteko tentsioa etengabea zen. 1844ko
\nuztailaren 4ko Errege Dekretua (Pidal <\/span>Dekretua)<\/span> <\/span>giroa<\/span> <\/span>lasaitzeko<\/span> <\/span>asmoz<\/span> <\/span>onartu<\/span> <\/span>zen,<\/span> <\/span>eta,<\/span> <\/span>lurralde<\/span> <\/span>horien<\/span> <\/span>nahia<\/span> <\/span>ase<\/span>tzeko<\/span> <\/span>nahikoa<\/span> <\/span>izan<\/span> <\/span>ez<\/span> <\/span>arren,<\/span> <\/span>Batzar<\/span> <\/span>nagusiak,<\/span>
\n<\/span>Foru<\/span> <\/span>Aldundiak<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>ohiko<\/span> <\/span>uda- <\/span>lak<\/span> <\/span>berrezarri<\/span>
\n<\/span>ziren<\/span> <\/span>(hauteskundeei<\/span> <\/span>begira<\/span> <\/span>probintzia-diputazioak<\/span> <\/span>mantendu
\narren).<\/span> <\/span>Foru<\/span> <\/span>egituraren<\/span>
\n<\/span>gainerako<\/span> <\/span>zutabeek,<\/span> <\/span>ordea,<\/span> <\/span>indargabe<\/span> <\/span>jarraitu<\/span> <\/span>zuten.<\/span><\/p>\n

Garai <\/span>honen <\/span>azken <\/span>aroak <\/span>1845eko <\/span>Konstituzio <\/span>moderatua <\/span>izan <\/span>zuen <\/span>ardatz, eta, horren baitan, foru lurraldeetako
\nordezkariak burubelarri aritu zi<\/span>ren
\n<\/span>negoziatzen; <\/span>1841. <\/span>urteaz <\/span>geroztik, <\/span>Nafarroa
\n<\/span>gabe. <\/span>Parlamentuan <\/span>egindako prozesu konstituziogilean,
\nDiego Mugartegui Mazarredo, Francisco Hormaeche <\/span>eta <\/span>Pedro <\/span>Jane <\/span>(ordezkoa) <\/span>izan <\/span>ziren <\/span>Bizkaiko
\n<\/span>ordezkariak, <\/span>guztiak <\/span>ala <\/span>guztiak <\/span>foruen <\/span>aldekoak. <\/span>Hala <\/span>ere, <\/span>aurretiko
\n<\/span>esperientziak <\/span>arrasto sakona<\/span> <\/span>utzi<\/span> <\/span>zuen<\/span> <\/span>Jaurerrian:<\/span> <\/span>konstituzio<\/span> <\/span>testuari<\/span> <\/span>aurre<\/span> <\/span>egiteak<\/span> <\/span>zuen<\/span> <\/span>eragin<\/span>kortasun <\/span>urria <\/span>aski <\/span>ezaguna <\/span>zitzaien,
\n<\/span>bai <\/span>tramitazioari, <\/span>eta <\/span>baita <\/span>ondorengo zin <\/span>egiteari <\/span>zegokienez <\/span>ere. <\/span>Euren <\/span>postulatuen <\/span>garaipen <\/span>edo <\/span>porrota
\n<\/span>ez <\/span>zuen Konstituzioan<\/span> <\/span>jasotakoak<\/span> <\/span>erabakiko,<\/span> <\/span>Gobernu<\/span> <\/span>zentralarekin<\/span> <\/span>negoziatzeko<\/span> <\/span>zu- <\/span>ten<\/span> <\/span>gaitasunak<\/span>
\n<\/span>baizik.<\/span> <\/span>Ahalegin<\/span> <\/span>guztiak<\/span> <\/span>zergekin<\/span> <\/span>zerikusia<\/span> <\/span>zuten<\/span> <\/span>kontuetara
\n<\/span>bideratu <\/span>zituzten, <\/span>horiek <\/span>bateratzeak <\/span>berezko
\n<\/span>foru <\/span>sistema <\/span>erabat <\/span>zapaltzen
\nbaitzuen. <\/span>Bide <\/span>horretatik <\/span>zihoazen <\/span>negoziazioek <\/span>markatu <\/span>zituzten <\/span>hurrengo urteak.<\/span> <\/span>Bizkaitarren<\/span> <\/span>jarrerak<\/span> <\/span>eragin<\/span> <\/span>nabarmena<\/span> <\/span>izan<\/span> <\/span>zuen,<\/span> <\/span>gainerako<\/span> <\/span>lurral-
\ndeena<\/span> <\/span>baino<\/span> <\/span>erradikalagoa<\/span> <\/span>izanik,<\/span> <\/span>behin<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>berriro<\/span> <\/span>eskatu<\/span> <\/span>baitzuten<\/span> <\/span>foruak <\/span>itzultzea
\nforu konponbidearekin bat egin aurretik; are, euren foru sistema errealitate<\/span> <\/span>konstituzionalean<\/span> <\/span>egokitu<\/span> <\/span>ala<\/span> <\/span>ez<\/span> <\/span>erabakitzen<\/span> <\/span>hasi<\/span> <\/span>aurretik<\/span> <\/span>ere.<\/span> <\/span>Or- <\/span>duko <\/span>hartan <\/span>ere, <\/span>ondoz <\/span>ondoko <\/span>gobernuen
\n<\/span>egoera <\/span>prekarioak <\/span>foruzaleen <\/span>interesen<\/span> <\/span>alde<\/span> <\/span>egin<\/span> <\/span>zuen.<\/span> <\/span>Aurrerago,<\/span> <\/span>liberalismo<\/span> <\/span>progresistena<\/span> <\/span>botere<\/span> <\/span>giroan<\/span> <\/span>tokia<\/span> <\/span>hartzen<\/span> <\/span>hasi<\/span> <\/span>zenean<\/span> <\/span>\u2014Biurteko<\/span> <\/span>Progresista<\/span> <\/span>barne\u2014,<\/span> <\/span>egoera<\/span> <\/span>ez<\/span> <\/span>zen<\/span> <\/span>gehiegi
\naldatu: foru lurraldeek batera negoziatzen jarraitu zuten foruen kontrakotzat
\nhartutako lege xedapen oro, bereziki Desamortizazioarekin loturikoak. Agerikoa<\/span> <\/span>zen<\/span> <\/span>Gobernu<\/span> <\/span>zentralarekin<\/span> <\/span>zegoen<\/span> <\/span>tentsioa,<\/span> <\/span>baina,<\/span> <\/span>guztiarekin<\/span> <\/span>ere,<\/span> <\/span>ez<\/span> <\/span>zen <\/span>garai <\/span>batean
\n<\/span>bezain <\/span>larria <\/span>izatera
\n<\/span>iritsi.<\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

Kontuan<\/span> <\/span>hartu<\/span> <\/span>beharreko<\/span> <\/span>azken<\/span> <\/span>aroa<\/span> <\/span>1869ko<\/span> <\/span>Konstituzio<\/span> <\/span>progresistaren
\neta<\/span> <\/span>1875.<\/span> <\/span>urtearen<\/span> <\/span>artekoa<\/span> <\/span>da.<\/span> <\/span>Garai<\/span> <\/span>honetan<\/span> <\/span>ezegonkortasuna,<\/span> <\/span>eta,<\/span> <\/span>zenbait <\/span>kasutan,<\/span> <\/span>are<\/span> <\/span>hegakortasuna<\/span> <\/span>ere,<\/span> <\/span>sortu<\/span> <\/span>zen<\/span> <\/span>zenbait<\/span> <\/span>elementu<\/span> <\/span>sozial,<\/span> <\/span>ekonomiko
\n<\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>politikok<\/span> <\/span>bat<\/span> <\/span>egin<\/span> <\/span>zutenean.<\/span> <\/span>Askotarikoak<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>oso<\/span> <\/span>anitzak<\/span> <\/span>dira<\/span> <\/span>egoera<\/span> <\/span>oro<\/span>korra<\/span> <\/span>hain<\/span> <\/span>larria<\/span> <\/span>izatea<\/span> <\/span>eragin<\/span> <\/span>zuten<\/span> <\/span>aldagaiak,<\/span> <\/span>eta,<\/span> <\/span>gehienetan,<\/span> <\/span>elkarren<\/span> <\/span>era<\/span>gile ere izan ziren.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Konstituzio <\/span>berriaren <\/span>idazketa
\n<\/span>eta <\/span>aldarrikapenak <\/span>foruen <\/span>interesen <\/span>alde egiteko <\/span>itxura <\/span>handirik <\/span>izan <\/span>ez <\/span>arren,
\n<\/span>gorte <\/span>konstituziogileetan <\/span>Bizkaiko
\n<\/span>ordezkari<\/span> <\/span>modura<\/span> <\/span>joan<\/span> <\/span>ziren<\/span> <\/span>Antonio<\/span> <\/span>Aparisi<\/span> <\/span>Guijarro,<\/span> <\/span>Antonio<\/span> <\/span>Arguinzoniz<\/span> <\/span>Iz<\/span>coa, <\/span>Jose <\/span>Miguel <\/span>Arrieta-Mascarua <\/span>Sarachaga, <\/span>Pascual <\/span>Isasi
\n<\/span>Isasmendi <\/span>eta Antonio <\/span>Juan <\/span>Vildosola <\/span>Mier. <\/span>Ez <\/span>zen <\/span>bertan <\/span>jasotako
\n<\/span>testua <\/span>xeheki <\/span>aztertu beharrik,<\/span> <\/span>aginduek<\/span> <\/span>foru<\/span> <\/span>sistemaren<\/span> <\/span>kontra<\/span> <\/span>egiten<\/span> <\/span>zutela<\/span> <\/span>ohartzeko.<\/span> <\/span>Gobernu
\n<\/span>zentrala<\/span> <\/span>diputazioen<\/span> <\/span>erresistentzia<\/span> <\/span>gainditzen<\/span> <\/span>saiatu<\/span> <\/span>zen,<\/span> <\/span>zin<\/span> <\/span>egin<\/span> <\/span>zezaten<\/span> <\/span>exi<\/span>jituz, baina bere horretan uztea erabaki zuten,
\ngerta zitekeen altxamendu kar<\/span>listaren beldurrez.<\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

Nolanahi<\/span> <\/span>ere<\/span> <\/span>den,<\/span> <\/span>1875era<\/span> <\/span>arte<\/span> <\/span>Estatuko<\/span> <\/span>testuinguru<\/span> <\/span>sozial<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>politikoa<\/span>ren eraginez, foruzaletasuna sistema liberal
\nkonstituzionalean eroso antzean <\/span>egon zen berriro ere. Are
\ngehiago gogoan hartzen badugu garai honetako konstituzioak<\/span> <\/span>\u2014eta<\/span> <\/span>baita<\/span> <\/span>1873ko<\/span> <\/span>konstituzio<\/span> <\/span>proiektuak<\/span> <\/span>ere\u2014<\/span> <\/span><\/span>XIX<\/span>.<\/span> <\/span>mendeko <\/span>konstituzio-ordenamendu<\/span> <\/span>aurrerakoiena<\/span> <\/span>ezarri<\/span> <\/span>zuela<\/span> <\/span>\u2014erabat<\/span> <\/span>liberala\u2014.<\/span> <\/span>Go<\/span>rago<\/span> <\/span>aipaturiko<\/span> <\/span>egoerek,<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>beste<\/span> <\/span>askok,<\/span> <\/span>bat<\/span> <\/span>egin<\/span> <\/span>izanak<\/span> <\/span>foruak<\/span> <\/span>mantentzea
\n<\/span>ahalbidetu zuen. Eragile
\nsozial eta politikoak alde batera utzita ere, Estatu go- <\/span>bernuak<\/span> <\/span>ez<\/span> <\/span>zeuden<\/span> <\/span>Foruak<\/span> <\/span>bertan<\/span> <\/span>behera<\/span> <\/span>uzteko<\/span> <\/span>prozesu<\/span> <\/span>sakon<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>katrami- <\/span>latsua<\/span> <\/span>hasteko<\/span> <\/span>moduan.<\/span> <\/span>Era<\/span> <\/span>berean,<\/span> <\/span>Karlistaldiak<\/span> <\/span>gobernuaren<\/span> <\/span>irismenetik<\/span> <\/span>at <\/span>utzi <\/span>zituen <\/span>foru <\/span>lurraldeak, <\/span>eta <\/span>nola-halako <\/span>\u00abautonomia\u00bb <\/span>eman <\/span>zien. <\/span>Horrek ez<\/span> <\/span>du<\/span> <\/span>inolaz<\/span> <\/span>ere<\/span> <\/span>esan<\/span> <\/span>nahi<\/span> <\/span>bake<\/span> <\/span>giroa<\/span> <\/span>nagusitu<\/span> <\/span>zenik.<\/span> <\/span>Aitzitik,<\/span> <\/span>gudu-zelaia<\/span> <\/span>lu<\/span>rralde<\/span> <\/span>horietan<\/span>
\n<\/span>ezarri<\/span> <\/span>zen<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>bertako<\/span> <\/span>biztanleek<\/span> <\/span>jasan<\/span> <\/span>behar<\/span> <\/span>izan<\/span> <\/span>zituzten<\/span> <\/span>ge- <\/span>rraren<\/span> <\/span>ondoriorik<\/span>
\n<\/span>latzenak.<\/span> <\/span>Ezin<\/span> <\/span>ahaztu,<\/span> <\/span>1873.<\/span> <\/span>urtearen<\/span> <\/span>erdialdera,<\/span> <\/span>Bizkaiko
\n<\/span>zatirik<\/span> <\/span>handiena<\/span> <\/span>alderdi<\/span> <\/span>karlistaren<\/span> <\/span>menpe<\/span> <\/span>zegoela,<\/span> <\/span>Bilbo<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>Portugalete<\/span> <\/span>izan
\nezik. 1873ko abuztuan armada karlistak Bilbo setiatu zuen, hirugarren aldiz <\/span>mende <\/span>erdi <\/span>baino <\/span>gutxiagoan, <\/span>eta <\/span>erantzun <\/span>gogorra
\n<\/span>jaso <\/span>zuen <\/span>1874ko <\/span>maiatzera <\/span>arte, <\/span>liberalek <\/span>inguratzea <\/span>hautsi <\/span>eta <\/span>karlistak
\n<\/span>kanporatzea <\/span>lortu <\/span>zuten arte. <\/span>Gerraren <\/span>gorabeherek <\/span>bi <\/span>eremu <\/span>geografikotan <\/span>banatu <\/span>zuten <\/span>lurraldea: batetik,<\/span> <\/span>karlisten<\/span>
\n<\/span>menpe<\/span> <\/span>zegoena,<\/span> <\/span>itxuraz<\/span> <\/span>instituzio<\/span> <\/span>foralak<\/span> <\/span>zituena;<\/span> <\/span>eta,<\/span> <\/span>bestetik,<\/span> <\/span>liberala,<\/span> <\/span>nagusiki<\/span>
\n<\/span>hiriburuetan<\/span> <\/span>erroturik<\/span> <\/span>zegoena,<\/span> <\/span>eta,<\/span> <\/span>kanpora<\/span> <\/span>begira,
\n<\/span>behintzat, foraltasun berriarekin bat
\nzetorren egitura instituzionala mantendu <\/span>zuena.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

Aurrez aipatutakoek duten
\ngarrantzia ahaztu gabe, ziurrenik, azterkizun du<\/span>gun<\/span> gaiari<\/span> dagokionez<\/span> behintzat,<\/span> litekeena<\/span> da<\/span> urterik<\/span> esanguratsuena<\/span>
\n1876.ekoa <\/span>izatea,<\/span> <\/span>Berrezartzearen<\/span> <\/span>sistema<\/span> <\/span>politikoarendako<\/span> <\/span>erabakigarria<\/span> <\/span>izan<\/span> <\/span>baitzen.
\n<\/span>Momentu<\/span> <\/span>horretan<\/span> <\/span>talka<\/span> <\/span>egin<\/span> <\/span>zuten,<\/span> <\/span>ezinbestean,<\/span> <\/span><\/span>XIX<\/span>.<\/span> <\/span>mendean,<\/span> <\/span>behin<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>be- <\/span>rriz, <\/span>aurrez <\/span>aurre <\/span>egon <\/span>ziren <\/span>bi <\/span>korronteek, <\/span>hau <\/span>da, <\/span>foruzaleek <\/span>eta <\/span>liberalek. Behin<\/span> <\/span>betiko<\/span> <\/span>aurkakotasun<\/span> <\/span>horrek<\/span> <\/span>bi<\/span> <\/span>emaitza<\/span> <\/span>araugile<\/span> <\/span>ekarri<\/span> <\/span>zituen:<\/span> <\/span>lehena,
\n1876ko<\/span> <\/span>ekainaren<\/span> <\/span>30eko<\/span> <\/span>Konstituzioa,<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>bigarrena,<\/span> <\/span>urte<\/span> <\/span>bereko<\/span> <\/span>uztailaren
\n21eko<\/span> <\/span>Legea<\/span> <\/span>(Foruak<\/span> <\/span>bertan<\/span> <\/span>behera<\/span> <\/span>uzten<\/span> <\/span>zituena).<\/span>
\n<\/span>Bi<\/span> <\/span>arauak,<\/span> <\/span>maila<\/span> <\/span>desber-
\ndinekoak<\/span> <\/span>izanagatik<\/span>
\n<\/span>ere,<\/span> <\/span>juridikoki<\/span> <\/span>osagarriak<\/span> <\/span>izan<\/span> <\/span>ziren.<\/span> <\/span>Zantzu<\/span> <\/span>kontserba-
\ntzaileko<\/span> <\/span>Konstituzio<\/span> <\/span>berriak<\/span> <\/span>indarra<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>sendotasuna<\/span> <\/span>eman<\/span> <\/span>zizkien<\/span> <\/span>printzipio
\n<\/span>liberalei, hemeretzigarren mendeko gorabeheren ondotik, eta liberalismoa
\nbehin <\/span>betiko <\/span>ezar <\/span>zedin <\/span>lortu <\/span>zuen. <\/span>Horrekin
\n<\/span>batera, <\/span>iruditeria kolektiboan<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Karlistaldia<\/span> <\/span>bukatu<\/span> <\/span>izanak<\/span> <\/span>utzitako<\/span> <\/span>arrastoa<\/span> <\/span>kontuan<\/span> <\/span>hartzen<\/span> <\/span>badugu,<\/span> <\/span>libe- ralak<\/span> <\/span>garaile<\/span> <\/span>izanik,<\/span> <\/span>ondorioa<\/span> <\/span>ezin<\/span> <\/span>beste<\/span> <\/span>bat<\/span> <\/span>izan:<\/span> <\/span>Foruen<\/span> <\/span>etorkizuna,<\/span> <\/span>behinik <\/span>behin, <\/span>iluna <\/span>zen. <\/span>Besteren
\n<\/span>artean, <\/span>gizarteak <\/span>gerraren
\n<\/span>iturritzat <\/span>jo <\/span>zituelako, eta, hortaz,
\nezegonkortasun-eragiletzat. Zoritxarrez, batzar konstituziogileetan <\/span>ezer <\/span>gutxi <\/span>egin <\/span>ahal <\/span>izan <\/span>zuten <\/span>Bizkaiko
\n<\/span>ordezkari <\/span>ziren <\/span>Manuel
\n<\/span>Maria <\/span>Allende <\/span>Salazar
\n<\/span>Loizagak <\/span>(senataria), <\/span>Manuel
\n<\/span>Barandica <\/span>Mendietak, <\/span>Ramon<\/span> <\/span>Barrenechea<\/span> <\/span>Zuaznabarrek<\/span> <\/span>(senataria),<\/span> <\/span>Ignacio<\/span> <\/span>Mar\u00eda<\/span> <\/span>del<\/span> <\/span>Castillo<\/span> <\/span>Gil<\/span> <\/span>de <\/span>la <\/span>Torrek
\n<\/span>(senataria), <\/span>Francisco <\/span>Mac <\/span>Mahon <\/span>Janek
\n<\/span>(senataria), <\/span>Gumersindo
\nVicu\u00f1a <\/span>Lazcanok, <\/span>Camilo <\/span>Villavaso <\/span>Echevarriak <\/span>eta <\/span>Martin <\/span>Zavala <\/span>Andirengoecheak.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Hasierako<\/span> <\/span>une<\/span> <\/span>hartan,<\/span> <\/span>bai<\/span> <\/span>politikariak,<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>baita<\/span> <\/span>garaiko<\/span> <\/span>prentsak<\/span> <\/span>ere,<\/span> <\/span>Foruen<\/span> <\/span>indargabetzea<\/span> <\/span>erraztuko<\/span> <\/span>zuen<\/span> <\/span>gizarte<\/span> <\/span>giroa<\/span> <\/span>sortzen<\/span> <\/span>saiatu<\/span> <\/span>ziren.<\/span> <\/span>Gauzak
\n<\/span>horrela,<\/span> <\/span>gizartea<\/span> <\/span>akuilatu<\/span> <\/span>zuten,<\/span> <\/span>bake<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>egonkortasun<\/span> <\/span>kontsignen<\/span> <\/span>bitartez, <\/span>Foruak
\n<\/span>mantentzea <\/span>ezinezkoa <\/span>izan <\/span>zedin, <\/span>Gobernuaren <\/span>borondate <\/span>politikoa edota ordezkari foralen ahaleginak gorabehera.
\nBide horretan, 1876ko Kons- <\/span>tituzioak
\n<\/span>marrazturiko <\/span>segurtasun <\/span>politikoko <\/span>egoerak <\/span>berebiziko <\/span>garrantzia izan<\/span> <\/span>zuen,<\/span> <\/span>gizartean<\/span>
\n<\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>politikan<\/span> <\/span>bakea<\/span> <\/span>ezartzeko<\/span> <\/span>benetako<\/span> <\/span>aukera<\/span> <\/span>sortu<\/span> <\/span>bai<\/span>tzuen.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

Testuinguru<\/span> <\/span>nahasi<\/span> <\/span>horretan,<\/span> <\/span>1876ko<\/span> <\/span>uztailaren<\/span> <\/span>21eko<\/span> <\/span>legeak<\/span> <\/span>argi<\/span> <\/span>erakutsi<\/span> <\/span>zuen<\/span> <\/span>Gobernu<\/span> <\/span>zentralaren<\/span> <\/span>helburu<\/span> <\/span>bateratzaile<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>berdintzailea,<\/span> <\/span>Madrilgo Gobernuak<\/span> <\/span>Foruekiko<\/span> <\/span>zuen<\/span> <\/span>hasierako<\/span> <\/span>jarrera<\/span> <\/span>edozein<\/span> <\/span>izanik<\/span> <\/span>ere.<\/span> <\/span>Horrekin<\/span> <\/span>loturik,<\/span> <\/span>nabarmendu<\/span> <\/span>beharrekoak<\/span> <\/span>dira<\/span> <\/span>gizartean<\/span> <\/span>eragin<\/span> <\/span>subertsiboa<\/span> <\/span>izan<\/span> <\/span>zuten <\/span>politikarien hitzaldi sutsuek eta prentsan
\nizan zuten oihartzunak. Era berean, <\/span>ez<\/span> <\/span>da<\/span> <\/span>ahaztu<\/span> <\/span>behar<\/span> <\/span>Foruen<\/span> <\/span>aldeko<\/span> <\/span>hedabideak<\/span> <\/span>zentsuraturik<\/span> <\/span>zeudela,<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>are <\/span>debekaturik<\/span> <\/span>zutela<\/span> <\/span>Foruen<\/span> <\/span>biziraupenaz<\/span> <\/span>jardutea,<\/span> <\/span>konstituzioaren<\/span> <\/span>baitan<\/span> <\/span>iza<\/span>nik<\/span> <\/span>ere,<\/span> <\/span>Zavala<\/span> <\/span>diputatuak<\/span> <\/span>Bilboko<\/span> <\/span>egunkariei<\/span> <\/span>buruz<\/span> <\/span>Parlamentuan<\/span> <\/span>adierazi <\/span>bezala (debekaturik zuten are \u00abgainerako
\negunkariek Foruei buruz jasotakoa<\/span> <\/span>kopiatzea\u00bb<\/span> <\/span>ere).<\/span> <\/span>Beraz,<\/span> <\/span>foruzaletasunaren<\/span> <\/span>kontrako<\/span> <\/span>hedabideek<\/span> <\/span>ez<\/span> <\/span>zuten
\ninolako<\/span> <\/span>mugarik<\/span> <\/span>izan<\/span> <\/span>foruen<\/span> <\/span>kontrako<\/span>
\n<\/span>erasoa<\/span> <\/span>esparru<\/span> <\/span>guztietara<\/span> <\/span>zabaltzeko.
\n<\/span>Hala, <\/span>prentsak <\/span>bidea <\/span>garbi <\/span>izan <\/span>zuen <\/span>bere <\/span>ideiak <\/span>ase <\/span>arte <\/span>errepikatzeko: <\/span>Foruak <\/span>eta <\/span>konstituzio-erregimena <\/span>ez <\/span>ziren, <\/span>inolaz
\n<\/span>ere, <\/span>bateragarriak; <\/span>Monarkiaren<\/span> <\/span>lurralde-unitateen<\/span> <\/span>arteko<\/span> <\/span>desberdintasunak<\/span> <\/span>gainditu<\/span> <\/span>beharra<\/span> <\/span>zegoen<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u2014berdintasunaren printzipio liberalaren izenean\u2014;
\neta, bereziki, azken Ge<\/span>rra <\/span>Karlistaren <\/span>ardura <\/span>foruzaletasunarena <\/span>izan <\/span>zela <\/span>argi <\/span>adieraztea, <\/span>aldagai dinastikoa<\/span> <\/span>aipatu<\/span> <\/span>ere<\/span> <\/span>egin<\/span> <\/span>gabe.<\/span> <\/span>Pentsatzekoa<\/span> <\/span>da<\/span> <\/span>azken<\/span> <\/span>argudio<\/span> <\/span>hori<\/span> <\/span>erabaki<\/span>garria<\/span> <\/span>suertatuko<\/span> <\/span>zela<\/span> <\/span>garai<\/span> <\/span>hartako<\/span> <\/span>politikariek<\/span> <\/span>gerora<\/span> <\/span>hartu<\/span> <\/span>zuten<\/span> <\/span>jarreran.
\n<\/span>Nolabait, <\/span>horrek <\/span>guztiak,
\n<\/span>Gobernu <\/span>zentralaren <\/span>nahia
\n<\/span>baldintzatu <\/span>zuen, <\/span>eta ez<\/span> <\/span>zuen<\/span> <\/span>Foruak<\/span> <\/span>publikoki<\/span> <\/span>indargabetzea<\/span> <\/span>beste<\/span> <\/span>aukerarik<\/span> <\/span>izan,<\/span> <\/span>bake<\/span> <\/span>publikoa
\nbere<\/span> <\/span>horretan<\/span> <\/span>mantenduko<\/span>
\n<\/span>bazen.<\/span> <\/span>Beste<\/span> <\/span>edozein<\/span> <\/span>erabaki<\/span> <\/span>ez<\/span> <\/span>zen<\/span> <\/span>modu<\/span> <\/span>bake-
\ntsuan<\/span> <\/span>hartuko,<\/span> <\/span>ongi<\/span> <\/span>baliatua<\/span>
\n<\/span>izan<\/span> <\/span>baitzen<\/span> <\/span>azken<\/span> <\/span>gerraren<\/span> <\/span>ondoren<\/span> <\/span>sortutako
\n<\/span>foruzaletasunaren kontrako giroa. Gainditzen zituen mugimenduaren aurrean, gorteetan, etsi-etsian defendatzea beste
\naukerarik ez zuten izan foru lu<\/span>rraldeetako
\nordezkariak \u2014prozesu konstituziogileko berak\u2014.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Egiazki,<\/span> <\/span>foruak<\/span> <\/span>indargabetzean<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>handik<\/span> <\/span>gutxira<\/span> <\/span>gertatutakoa<\/span> <\/span>serioski
\n<\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>xeheki<\/span> <\/span>aztertuko<\/span> bagenu,<\/span> <\/span>ohartuko<\/span>
\nginateke,<\/span> <\/span>ziurrenik,<\/span> <\/span>Gobernuko<\/span>
\nkideek\u00a0<\/span><\/span>ez<\/span> <\/span>zutela<\/span> <\/span>foru<\/span> <\/span>lurraldeentzat<\/span> <\/span>hain<\/span> <\/span>ondorio<\/span> <\/span>sakonak<\/span>
\n<\/span>izanen<\/span> <\/span>zituen<\/span> <\/span>erabakirik hartzeko<\/span> <\/span>inongo<\/span> <\/span>asmorik.<\/span> <\/span>Bestela,<\/span>
\n<\/span>zaila<\/span> <\/span>da<\/span> <\/span>azaltzen<\/span>
\n<\/span>1878ko<\/span> <\/span>Kontzertu<\/span> <\/span>Eko<\/span>nomikoak<\/span> <\/span>bezalako<\/span> <\/span>fenomeno<\/span> <\/span>esanguratsu<\/span> <\/span>bat<\/span> <\/span>gertatzea,<\/span> <\/span>foruak<\/span> <\/span>kendu<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>bi
\nurtera. Garai berri horretan, herrialdeko gizarte maila liberal foruzaleen
\ninte<\/span>resek<\/span> <\/span>\u2014foralak<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>\u00abneoforalak\u00bb\u2014<\/span> <\/span>bidea<\/span> <\/span>egin<\/span> <\/span>zuten,<\/span> <\/span>denbora<\/span> <\/span>tarte<\/span> <\/span>laburrean,
\nlurralde<\/span> <\/span>horietako<\/span>
\n<\/span>oligarkia<\/span> <\/span>osatzeko.<\/span> <\/span>Izan<\/span> <\/span>ere,<\/span> <\/span>kasu<\/span> <\/span>askotan<\/span> <\/span>indargabetzeari
\n<\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>ondoko<\/span> <\/span>egoerari<\/span>
\n<\/span>etekin<\/span> <\/span>handiena<\/span> <\/span>atera<\/span>
\n<\/span>ziotenak<\/span> <\/span>haiek<\/span> <\/span>izan<\/span> <\/span>ziren<\/span> <\/span>\u2014Biz<\/span>kaiko<\/span> <\/span>oligarkia<\/span> <\/span>bereziki\u2014.<\/span> <\/span>Gobernu<\/span> <\/span>zentralak<\/span> <\/span>1876ko<\/span> <\/span>uztailaren<\/span> <\/span>21eko<\/span> <\/span>legea <\/span>indarrean<\/span> <\/span>jarri<\/span>
\n<\/span>nahi<\/span> <\/span>zuen<\/span> <\/span>ala<\/span> <\/span>ez<\/span> <\/span>alde<\/span> <\/span>batera<\/span> <\/span>utzita,<\/span>
\n<\/span>egia<\/span> <\/span>da<\/span> <\/span>arau<\/span> <\/span>horrek<\/span> <\/span>foru <\/span>lurraldeen
\neta Estatuaren arteko harreman berezi eta ezberdinak sortzeko au<\/span>kera<\/span> <\/span>eman<\/span> <\/span>zuela,<\/span> <\/span>gutxienez,<\/span>
\n<\/span>ekonomia<\/span> <\/span>arloan<\/span> <\/span>hasieran,<\/span> <\/span>eta<\/span> <\/span>administrazioare<\/span>nean gero.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Aro garaikidea hasi zenean, desegonkortasuna zen nagusi penintsulako lurralde euskaldunetako gizarte alor gehienetan. Ekonomiari zegokionez,\u00a0XIX. mendearen hasieran, okerrera egin zuen dagoeneko XVIII. mendearen er- ditik krisian zegoen euskal nekazarien egoerak, errentamenduen igoeragatik, presio fiskalarengatik eta frantsesen inbasioagatik. Mende berriaren hasieran, frantziar armadaren okupazioa zela-eta, kontsumo-ondasunak eta anima- liak konfiskatzen hasi ziren, tropak hornitzeko. Horrek kalte […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"template":"","iv_nivel":[317],"class_list":["post-3137","iv_voz","type-iv_voz","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nSARRERA - Iura Vasconiae<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iuravasconiae.eus\/eu\/voz\/sarrera-383-eu\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"SARRERA - Iura Vasconiae\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Aro garaikidea hasi zenean, desegonkortasuna zen nagusi penintsulako lurralde euskaldunetako gizarte alor gehienetan. Ekonomiari zegokionez,\u00a0XIX. mendearen hasieran, okerrera egin zuen dagoeneko XVIII. mendearen er- ditik krisian zegoen euskal nekazarien egoerak, errentamenduen igoeragatik, presio fiskalarengatik eta frantsesen inbasioagatik. 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